The Digital Magazine and Educational Archive
ISSUE FOURTEEN
The Washington Monument
George Washington and the story of an unfinished nation
Presented by Dr. Ali Zohery, Ph. D.
Watch the episode https://youtu.be/mKuoBz_NYzs
الْمَجَلَّةُ الرَّقْمِيَّةُ وَالْأَرْشِيفُ التَّعْلِيمِيُّ لِبُودْكَاسْتِ الدُّكْتُورِ عَلِيٍّ الزُّهَيْرِيِّ
الْعَدَدُ الرَّابِعُ عَشَرَ
نُصْبُ وَاشِنْطُنَ التَّذْكَارِيُّ
جُورْجُ وَاشِنْطُنَ وَحِكَايَةُ بِنَاءِ النُّصْبِ
The Dr Ali Zohery Podcast Weekly
The Digital Magazine and Educational Archive
ISSUE FOURTEEN
The Washington Monument
George Washington and the story of an unfinished nation
Presented by Dr. Ali Zohery, Ph. D.
Watch the episode https://youtu.be/mKuoBz_NYzs
الْمَجَلَّةُ الرَّقْمِيَّةُ وَالْأَرْشِيفُ التَّعْلِيمِيُّ لِبُودْكَاسْتِ الدُّكْتُورِ عَلِيٍّ الزُّهَيْرِيِّ
الْعَدَدُ الرَّابِعُ عَشَرَ
نُصْبُ وَاشِنْطُنَ التَّذْكَارِيُّ
جُورْجُ وَاشِنْطُنَ وَحِكَايَةُ بِنَاءِ النُّصْبِ
The Dr Ali Zohery Podcast Weekly Issue Fourteen
English Edition
An obelisk at the center of the capital
Rising from the National Mall, the Washington Monument honors George Washington, the commander of the Continental Army and the first president of the United States. Its simple marble form makes it a point of reference across the city. Yet the change in stone color visible partway up reveals a long interruption in construction.
This companion article to the linked podcast explains the person, the shape, the building process and the view from the observation deck. It also invites readers to consider the people enslaved at Washington’s Mount Vernon estate. The factual details come from the National Park Service and George Washington’s Mount Vernon.
George Washington the soldier and president
Born in Virginia in 1732, George Washington gained experience as a surveyor, soldier and planter before leading the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Holding together an army drawn from different colonies was among his most consequential achievements. After the war, he presided over the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Washington served as the first president from 1789 to 1797. His decision to leave office after two terms established a precedent for the peaceful transfer of executive power. He died at Mount Vernon in 1799. His public influence explains why people began debating how to commemorate him soon after his death.
The Egyptian form and the original plan
Architect Robert Mills designed a memorial based on an Egyptian obelisk. Obelisks were upright stone monuments associated with ancient Egypt; here that historic form was used to honor an American leader. Mills originally proposed a larger composition, including a ring of columns, but the completed memorial is a plain shaft with a pointed top. This makes the obelisk itself the focus.
The Washington Monument is 555 feet and 5⅛ inches tall according to the National Park Service. It was the world’s tallest building when completed in 1884. The design offers a visible connection to the long history of monumental architecture while remaining part of the particular story of Washington, D.C.
Why does the marble change color?
The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1848. Donations financed the first phase, but funding and political conflict halted work in the 1850s, leaving a low, unfinished shaft for more than twenty years. Congress took responsibility for completion in 1876. Engineer Thomas Lincoln Casey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers strengthened the foundation and finished the structure.
The original quarry was no longer available when construction resumed. Builders tried marble from Massachusetts, then used another source near Baltimore for the upper portion. These changes left a visible difference in color about one third of the way up. The band is a record of decisions, interruptions and a later effort to finish the tribute.
Completion and a small inscription at the top
Workers set the capstone and aluminum tip on December 6, 1884. The memorial was dedicated on February 21, 1885, and public access developed in subsequent years. The aluminum tip bears the Latin words Laus Deo, translated by the National Park Service as Praise be to God. The words are at the summit; they are not a large inscription visible from the ground.
Inside the monument are commemorative stones contributed by groups, communities and countries. The National Park Service counts 193 of these stones. They speak to the broad participation of donors and admirers in the nineteenth century, even as the structure’s public meaning has continued to evolve.
Visiting the observation deck
Today an elevator carries ticketed visitors to the observation deck about 500 feet above ground. Windows on four sides offer views over the Mall and surrounding city. A museum level sits below at about 490 feet. From here a visitor can connect the obelisk to the Capitol, White House, Lincoln Memorial, Tidal Basin and other places discussed in the Washington sightseeing series.
The National Park Service requires tickets for visitors aged two and older. Advance reservations and limited same day tickets are described on its official ticket page. Availability and operating conditions can change, so readers should check that page before planning a visit.
Washington and enslavement at Mount Vernon
A full account of George Washington also includes the people enslaved at his Mount Vernon estate. Mount Vernon reports that 317 enslaved people lived there in 1799. Washington owned 123 of them; others were held under different legal arrangements or rented. His will provided for the people he owned to be freed after Martha Washington’s death, but it did not free everyone living in bondage at the estate.
Leadership in the Revolutionary War and the presidency are central to Washington’s history. So too are the labor and lives of enslaved people who made the plantation function. Considering both helps visitors understand the difference between a nation’s ideals of liberty and who could enjoy liberty at its founding.
Reader questions and answers
Editorial questions for learning about the monument and Washington. They are not a transcript of the video.
Whom does the monument honor?
George Washington, commander of the Continental Army and first president of the United States.
Why is its shape called an obelisk?
It follows the tall, tapering form of an ancient Egyptian monument.
How tall is it?
555 feet and 5⅛ inches, according to the National Park Service.
Why do the stones change color?
Building stopped for decades and resumed with marble from different quarries.
When was it completed?
The capstone and aluminum tip were set on December 6, 1884.
What does Laus Deo mean?
Praise be to God; these Latin words appear on the aluminum tip.
Can visitors go inside?
Yes, with a ticket. The observation deck and museum level are reached by elevator.
What should a complete account of Washington include?
His military and presidential leadership, together with the lives of people enslaved at Mount Vernon.
Episode and Zohery Tours
Watch this issue’s linked episode at https://youtu.be/mKuoBz_NYzs. The Dr Ali Zohery Podcast Weekly is a bilingual digital magazine and educational archive. For Washington, D.C. sightseeing tours, visit www.zohery.com or call 202-437-1295. The video remains the original recording; this article provides verified background and reading questions.
النُّسْخَةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ
مِسَلَّةٌ فِي قَلْبِ الْعَاصِمَةِ
يَرْتَفِعُ نُصْبُ وَاشِنْطُنَ التَّذْكَارِيُّ فِي مِنْطَقَةِ الْمَوْلِ الْوَطَنِيِّ تَكْرِيمًا لِجُورْجِ وَاشِنْطُنَ، قَائِدِ الْجَيْشِ الْقَارِّيِّ وَأَوَّلِ رَئِيسٍ لِلْوِلَايَاتِ الْمُتَّحِدَةِ. وَيَجْعَلُهُ شَكْلُهُ الرُّخَامِيُّ الْبَسِيطُ مَرْئِيًّا مِنْ أَمَاكِنَ كَثِيرَةٍ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ. وَيَكْشِفُ اخْتِلَافُ لَوْنِ الْحِجَارَةِ فِي جُزْئِهِ الْعُلْوِيِّ عَنْ تَوَقُّفِ الْبِنَاءِ زَمَنًا طَوِيلًا.
يُرَافِقُ هَذَا الْمَقَالُ حَلْقَةَ الْبُودْكَاسْتِ الْمُشَارَ إِلَيْهَا فِي الرَّابِطِ، وَيَشْرَحُ سِيرَةَ وَاشِنْطُنَ وَشَكْلَ النُّصْبِ وَتَارِيخَ بِنَائِهِ وَزِيَارَتِهِ. وَيَدْعُو أَيْضًا إِلَى تَذَكُّرِ الْأَشْخَاصِ الَّذِينَ اسْتُعْبِدُوا فِي مَزْرَعَتِهِ. وَاسْتَنَدْنَا فِي الْوَقَائِعِ إِلَى هَيْئَةِ الْمُتَنَزَّهَاتِ الْوَطَنِيَّةِ وَمُؤَسَّسَةِ مَاوْنْتْ فِيرْنُونَ.
جُورْجُ وَاشِنْطُنَ قَائِدًا وَرَئِيسًا
وُلِدَ جُورْجُ وَاشِنْطُنَ فِي وِلَايَةِ فِيرْجِينْيَا عَامَ ١٧٣٢، وَعَمِلَ مَسَّاحًا لِلْأَرَاضِي وَجُنْدِيًّا وَصَاحِبَ مَزْرَعَةٍ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَقُودَ الْجَيْشَ الْقَارِّيَّ خِلَالَ الثَّوْرَةِ الْأَمِيرِكِيَّةِ. وَمِنْ أَبْرَزِ أَدْوَارِهِ الْحِفَاظُ عَلَى تَمَاسُكِ جَيْشٍ جَاءَ أَفْرَادُهُ مِنْ مُسْتَعْمَرَاتٍ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ. وَبَعْدَ الْحَرْبِ تَرَأَّسَ الْمُؤْتَمَرَ الدُّسْتُورِيَّ عَامَ ١٧٨٧.
تَوَلَّى الرِّئَاسَةَ مِنْ عَامِ ١٧٨٩ إِلَى عَامِ ١٧٩٧. وَأَرْسَى بِمُغَادَرَةِ الْمَنْصِبِ بَعْدَ فَتْرَتَيْنِ سَابِقَةً سِيَاسِيَّةً مُهِمَّةً. وَتُوُفِّيَ فِي مَاوْنْتْ فِيرْنُونَ عَامَ ١٧٩٩. وَيُفَسِّرُ دَوْرُهُ الْعَامُّ سَبَبَ سَعْيِ الْأَمِيرِكِيِّينَ إِلَى إِقَامَةِ نُصْبٍ يَخْلُدُ ذِكْرَاهُ.
الشَّكْلُ الْمِصْرِيُّ وَالْخُطَّةُ الْأُولَى
صَمَّمَ الْمُهَنْدِسُ رُوبَرْتْ مِيلْزْ نُصْبًا مُسْتَوْحًى مِنَ الْمِسَلَّةِ الْمِصْرِيَّةِ الْقَدِيمَةِ. وَكَانَتِ الْمِسَلَّاتُ مَعَالِمَ حَجَرِيَّةً قَائِمَةً فِي الْحَضَارَةِ الْمِصْرِيَّةِ. وَاقْتَرَحَ مِيلْزْ فِي الْأَصْلِ إِضَافَاتٍ أُخْرَى، مِنْهَا دَائِرَةُ أَعْمِدَةٍ، لَكِنَّ الشَّكْلَ النِّهَائِيَّ اقْتَصَرَ عَلَى الْجِسْمِ الْمُرْتَفِعِ ذِي الْقِمَّةِ الْمُدَبَّبَةِ.
وَبِحَسَبِ هَيْئَةِ الْمُتَنَزَّهَاتِ الْوَطَنِيَّةِ، يَبْلُغُ الِارْتِفَاعُ ٥٥٥ قَدَمًا وَ٥ بَوْصَاتٍ وَثُمْنَ بُوصَةٍ. وَكَانَ أَعْلَى مَبْنًى فِي الْعَالَمِ عِنْدَ اكْتِمَالِهِ عَامَ ١٨٨٤. وَيَصِلُ هَذَا التَّصْمِيمُ بَيْنَ تَقْلِيدٍ مِعْمَارِيٍّ قَدِيمٍ وَتَارِيخِ الْعَاصِمَةِ الْأَمِيرِكِيَّةِ.
لِمَاذَا يَخْتَلِفُ لَوْنُ الرُّخَامِ؟
وُضِعَ حَجَرُ الْأَسَاسِ فِي الرَّابِعِ مِنْ يُولْيُو عَامَ ١٨٤٨. وَمَوَّلَتِ التَّبَرُّعَاتُ الْمَرْحَلَةَ الْأُولَى، ثُمَّ أَدَّتْ مُشْكِلَاتُ التَّمْوِيلِ وَالصِّرَاعَاتُ السِّيَاسِيَّةُ إِلَى تَوَقُّفِ الْعَمَلِ فِي خَمْسِينِيَّاتِ الْقَرْنِ التَّاسِعَ عَشَرَ. وَبَقِيَ النُّصْبُ غَيْرَ مُكْتَمِلٍ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ عِقْدَيْنِ. وَتَوَلَّى الْكُونْغْرِسُ مَسْؤُولِيَّةَ الْإِكْمَالِ عَامَ ١٨٧٦، وَقَادَ الْمُهَنْدِسُ تُومَاسُ لِينْكُولْنْ كَيْسِي وَسِلَاحُ الْمُهَنْدِسِينَ الْعَمَلَ عَلَى تَقْوِيَةِ الْأَسَاسَاتِ وَإِتْمَامِ الْبِنَاءِ.
وَعِنْدَ اسْتِئْنَافِ الْبِنَاءِ لَمْ يَعُدِ الْمَحْجَرُ الْأَوَّلُ مُتَاحًا، فَجُرِّبَ رُخَامٌ مِنْ مَصْدَرٍ ثَانٍ ثُمَّ اسْتُخْدِمَ رُخَامٌ مِنْ مَصْدَرٍ ثَالِثٍ فِي الْجُزْءِ الْعُلْوِيِّ. وَبَقِيَ اخْتِلَافُ اللَّوْنِ شَاهِدًا مَرْئِيًّا عَلَى تِلْكَ الْمَرَاحِلِ.
اكْتِمَالُ النُّصْبِ وَنَقْشٌ فِي الْقِمَّةِ
وَضَعَ الْعُمَّالُ الْحَجَرَ الْأَخِيرَ وَالطَّرَفَ الْمَصْنُوعَ مِنَ الْأَلُومِنْيُومِ فِي ٦ دِيسَمْبَرَ ١٨٨٤. وَجَرَى تَدْشِينُ النُّصْبِ فِي ٢١ فِبْرَايِرَ ١٨٨٥، ثُمَّ تَطَوَّرَتْ إِمْكَانِيَّةُ دُخُولِ الْجُمْهُورِ إِلَيْهِ. وَعَلَى وَجْهِ الْقِمَّةِ الْمُتَّجِهَةِ شَرْقًا كَلِمَتَانِ بِاللَّاتِينِيَّةِ: Laus Deo، وَتُتَرْجِمُهُمَا الْهَيْئَةُ إِلَى «الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ». وَمَوْضِعُهُمَا فِي الْقِمَّةِ، فَلَا يَبْدُو النَّقْشُ لِلزَّائِرِ الْوَاقِفِ أَسْفَلَ النُّصْبِ.
وَتُوجَدُ دَاخِلَ النُّصْبِ أَحْجَارٌ تَذْكَارِيَّةٌ قَدَّمَتْهَا مَجْمُوعَاتٌ وَمُدُنٌ وَوِلَايَاتٌ وَبُلْدَانٌ؛ وَتُحْصِي هَيْئَةُ الْمُتَنَزَّهَاتِ الْوَطَنِيَّةِ مِنْهَا ١٩٣ حَجَرًا. وَتُظْهِرُ كَيْفَ سَاهَمَ مُتَبَرِّعُونَ وَمُعْجَبُونَ كَثِيرُونَ فِي تَارِيخِ الْمَشْرُوعِ.
زِيَارَةُ مَنْصَّةِ الْمُشَاهَدَةِ
يَصْعَدُ الزُّوَّارُ الْحَاصِلُونَ عَلَى تَذَاكِرَ بِالْمِصْعَدِ إِلَى مَنْصَّةِ الْمُشَاهَدَةِ عَلَى ارْتِفَاعِ نَحْوِ ٥٠٠ قَدَمٍ، وَمِنْ نَوَافِذِهَا يَرَوْنَ مَعَالِمَ الْعَاصِمَةِ فِي جِهَاتٍ أَرْبَعٍ. وَتُوجَدُ قَاعَةُ عَرْضٍ أَسْفَلَ مِنْهَا عَلَى ارْتِفَاعِ نَحْوِ ٤٩٠ قَدَمًا. وَتُسَاعِدُ هَذِهِ الرُّؤْيَةُ عَلَى رَبْطِ النُّصْبِ بِالْكَابِيتُولِ وَالْبَيْتِ الْأَبْيَضِ وَنُصْبِ لِنْكُولْنَ وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْمَعَالِمِ.
وَتَذْكُرُ هَيْئَةُ الْمُتَنَزَّهَاتِ أَنَّ دُخُولَ مَنْ بَلَغُوا عَامَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ يَتَطَلَّبُ تَذْكِرَةً. وَتَخْضَعُ الْحُجُوزَاتُ وَسَاعَاتُ الْعَمَلِ لِلتَّغْيِيرِ؛ لِذَلِكَ يُرَاجِعُ الزَّائِرُ الصَّفْحَةَ الرَّسْمِيَّةَ قَبْلَ الذَّهَابِ.
وَاشِنْطُنَ وَالِاسْتِعْبَادُ فِي مَاوْنْتْ فِيرْنُونَ
يَتَطَلَّبُ التَّعْرِيفُ الدَّقِيقُ بِوَاشِنْطُنَ ذِكْرَ الْأَشْخَاصِ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا مُسْتَعْبَدِينَ فِي مَاوْنْتْ فِيرْنُونَ. وَتُفِيدُ الْمُؤَسَّسَةُ الْقَائِمَةُ عَلَى الْمَوْقِعِ بِأَنَّ عَدَدَهُمْ بَلَغَ ٣١٧ شَخْصًا عَامَ ١٧٩٩؛ وَكَانَ وَاشِنْطُنُ يَمْلِكُ ١٢٣ مِنْهُمْ، بَيْنَمَا كَانَ لِلْبَاقِينَ أَوْضَاعٌ قَانُونِيَّةٌ مُخْتَلِفَةٌ. وَأَوْصَى بِعِتْقِ مَنْ يَمْلِكُهُمْ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ زَوْجَتِهِ مَارْثَا، وَلَكِنَّ وَصِيَّتَهُ لَمْ تَشْمَلْ كُلَّ الْمُسْتَعْبَدِينَ فِي الْمَزْرَعَةِ.
كَانَ لِقِيَادَتِهِ الْعَسْكَرِيَّةِ وَالسِّيَاسِيَّةِ أَثَرٌ كَبِيرٌ. وَكَذَلِكَ كَانَ لِعَمَلِ الْمُسْتَعْبَدِينَ وَحَيَاتِهِمْ مَكَانٌ فِي تِلْكَ الْقِصَّةِ. وَيُسَاعِدُ النَّظَرُ إِلَى الْجَانِبَيْنِ عَلَى فَهْمِ الْمَسَافَةِ بَيْنَ مَبْدَإِ الْحُرِّيَّةِ وَوَاقِعِ النَّاسِ فِي بِدَايَاتِ الْأُمَّةِ.
أَسْئِلَةٌ وَأَجْوِبَةٌ لِلْقُرَّاءِ
أَسْئِلَةٌ تَعْلِيمِيَّةٌ لِلْمَقَالِ، وَلَيْسَتْ تَفْرِيغًا لِلْفِيدْيُو.
مَنْ يُكَرِّمُ هَذَا النُّصْبُ؟
جُورْجَ وَاشِنْطُنَ، قَائِدَ الْجَيْشِ الْقَارِّيِّ وَأَوَّلَ رَئِيسٍ لِلْوِلَايَاتِ الْمُتَّحِدَةِ.
لِمَاذَا يُسَمَّى شَكْلُهُ مِسَلَّةً؟
لِأَنَّهُ يَتَّبِعُ شَكْلَ الْمِسَلَّةِ الْمِصْرِيَّةِ الْمُرْتَفِعَةِ وَالْمُتَنَاقِصَةِ الْعَرْضِ.
كَمْ يَبْلُغُ ارْتِفَاعُهُ؟
٥٥٥ قَدَمًا وَ٥ بَوْصَاتٍ وَثُمْنَ بُوصَةٍ.
لِمَاذَا يَخْتَلِفُ لَوْنُ حِجَارَتِهِ؟
لِتَوَقُّفِ الْبِنَاءِ عُقُودًا، ثُمَّ اسْتِخْدَامِ رُخَامٍ مِنْ مَحَاجِرَ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ.
مَتَى اكْتَمَلَ الْبِنَاءُ؟
وُضِعَ الْحَجَرُ الْأَخِيرُ وَالطَّرَفُ الْمَعْدِنِيُّ فِي ٦ دِيسَمْبَرَ ١٨٨٤.
مَاذَا تَعْنِي عِبَارَةُ Laus Deo؟
تَعْنِي «الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ»، وَهِيَ مَنْقُوشَةٌ عَلَى الْقِمَّةِ.
هَلْ يُمْكِنُ الدُّخُولُ إِلَى النُّصْبِ؟
نَعَمْ، بِتَذْكِرَةٍ، لِلصُّعُودِ إِلَى مَنْصَّةِ الْمُشَاهَدَةِ وَقَاعَةِ الْعَرْضِ.
مَاذَا يَجِبُ أَنْ يَشْمَلَهُ تَارِيخُ وَاشِنْطُنَ؟
قِيَادَتَهُ لِلْجَيْشِ وَالرِّئَاسَةِ، وَحَيَاةَ الْمُسْتَعْبَدِينَ فِي مَاوْنْتْ فِيرْنُونَ.
الْحَلْقَةُ وَجَوْلَاتُ زُهَيْرِي تُورْز
رَابِطُ الْحَلْقَةِ: https://youtu.be/mKuoBz_NYzs . الْمَجَلَّةُ الْأُسْبُوعِيَّةُ لِبُودْكَاسْتِ الدُّكْتُورِ عَلِيٍّ الزُّهَيْرِيِّ مَجَلَّةٌ ثُنَائِيَّةُ اللُّغَةِ وَأَرْشِيفٌ تَعْلِيمِيٌّ. وَلِلِاسْتِفْسَارِ عَنْ جَوْلَاتِ وَاشِنْطُنَ مَعَ زُهَيْرِي تُورْز: www.zohery.com أَوِ الْهَاتِفُ 202-437-1295. يَبْقَى الْفِيدْيُو هُوَ التَّسْجِيلَ الْأَصْلِيَّ، وَهَذَا مَقَالٌ مُرَافِقٌ لَهُ.
Sources and editorial note
This article supplies independently checked background. Questions are editorial and no speech is attributed to the recording.
Episode https://youtu.be/mKuoBz_NYzs
National Park Service history https://www.nps.gov/wamo/learn/historyculture/index.htm
National Park Service George Washington https://www.nps.gov/people/georgewashington.htm
National Park Service visit and tickets https://www.nps.gov/wamo/planyourvisit/fees.htm
Mount Vernon and slavery https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery
مُلَاحَظَةٌ تَحْرِيرِيَّةٌ
هَذَا مَقَالٌ تَعْلِيمِيٌّ تُرَاجَعُ وَقَائِعُهُ فِي الْمَصَادِرِ أَعْلَاهُ. وَالْأَسْئِلَةُ مُحَرَّرَةٌ لِلْقَارِئِ، وَلَا تُنْسَبُ عِبَارَاتٌ إِلَى التَّسْجِيلِ.
The Dr Ali Zohery Podcast Weekly Issue Fourteen