THE DR ALI ZOHERY PODCAST WEEKLY

المَجَلَّةُ الرَّقْمِيَّةُ وَأَرْشِيفُ بُودْكَاسْت الدُّكْتُور عَلِي زُهَيْرِي

العَدَدُ الرَّابِعُ

ISSUE FOUR

الإِعْلَامُ وَالثَّقَافَةُ وَالصَّوْتُ الأَفْرِيقِيُّ

MEDIA CULTURE AND THE AFRICAN VOICE

حِوَارٌ مَعَ الأُسْتَاذِ الدُّكْتُور كِهْبُومَا لَانْغْمِيَا

A conversation with Prof. Dr. Kehbuma Langmia

إِعْدَادٌ تَحْرِيرِيٌّ مُسْتَنِدٌ إِلَى الحَلْقَةِ الكَامِلَةِ مِنْ بُودْكَاسْت الدُّكْتُور عَلِي زُهَيْرِي

An editorial feature based on the complete podcast episode

مُلَخَّصُ الحَلْقَةِ

تَأْخُذُنَا هٰذِهِ الحَلْقَةُ فِي رِحْلَةٍ فِكْرِيَّةٍ وَإِنْسَانِيَّةٍ تَبْدَأُ مِنْ قَرْيَةٍ فِي الكَامِيرُون، وَتَمْتَدُّ إِلَى أَلْمَانِيَا وَالوِلَايَاتِ المُتَّحِدَةِ وَجَامِعَةِ هَاوَرْد، ثُمَّ إِلَى جَامِعَاتٍ وَمُجْتَمَعَاتٍ فِي أَفْرِيقِيَا وَأُورُوبَّا وَمَنَاطِقَ أُخْرَى مِنَ العَالَم. وَفِي قَلْبِ هٰذِهِ الرِّحْلَةِ يَطْرَحُ الأُسْتَاذُ الدُّكْتُور كِهْبُومَا لَانْغْمِيَا سُؤَالًا مُهِمًّا: كَيْفَ تَرْوِي أَفْرِيقِيَا قِصَّتَهَا بِصَوْتِهَا، وَكَيْفَ تُسْهِمُ فِي بِنَاءِ نَظَرِيَّاتِ الإِعْلَامِ وَالتَّوَاصُلِ بَدَلًا مِنَ الاكْتِفَاءِ بِاسْتِهْلَاكِ نَمَاذِجَ صُنِعَتْ خَارِجَ تَجْرِبَتِهَا؟

يَجْمَعُ الحِوَارُ بَيْنَ السِّيرَةِ الذَّاتِيَّةِ وَالنَّقَاشِ الأَكَادِيمِيِّ، وَيَتَنَاوَلُ التَّرْبِيَةَ وَالقِيَادَةَ وَالهُوِيَّةَ السَّوْدَاءَ وَالمَرْكَزِيَّةَ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةَ وَتَفْكِيكَ الاسْتِعْمَارِ فِي دِرَاسَاتِ الاتِّصَال. كَمَا يَنْتَقِلُ إِلَى قَضَايَا الذَّكَاءِ الاصْطِنَاعِيِّ وَالتَّضْلِيلِ وَالتَّزْيِيفِ العَمِيقِ وَتَحَيُّزِ الخَوَارِزْمِيَّاتِ وَمَسْؤُولِيَّةِ الجَامِعَاتِ وَالإِعْلَامِيِّينَ وَالمُسْتَخْدِمِينَ.

الضَّيْفُ وَمَسِيرَتُهُ العِلْمِيَّةُ

الأُسْتَاذُ الدُّكْتُور كِهْبُومَا لَانْغْمِيَا أُسْتَاذٌ وَرَئِيسُ قِسْمِ دِرَاسَاتِ الاتِّصَالِ فِي كُلِّيَّةِ كَاثِي هِيُوز لِلِاتِّصَالِ بِجَامِعَةِ هَاوَرْد. وَهُوَ بَاحِثُ فُولْبْرَايْت مَرَّتَيْنِ، وَمِنْ أَبْرَزِ مَجَالَاتِهِ تِكْنُولُوجِيَا المَعْلُومَاتِ وَالاتِّصَال، وَالاتِّصَالُ الدَّوْلِيُّ وَبَيْنَ الثَّقَافَات، وَالإِعْلَامُ وَالثَّقَافَةُ السَّوْدَاءُ، وَوَسَائِلُ التَّوَاصُلِ الاجْتِمَاعِيِّ، وَالمَرْكَزِيَّةُ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةُ، وَتَحْرِيرُ دِرَاسَاتِ الاتِّصَالِ مِنَ الهَيْمَنَةِ الاسْتِعْمَارِيَّةِ.

نَشَرَ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ عِشْرِينَ كِتَابًا، إِلَى جَانِبِ فُصُولٍ وَدِرَاسَاتٍ عِلْمِيَّةٍ مُحَكَّمَةٍ. وَتَشْمَلُ أَعْمَالُهُ مَوْضُوعَاتِ العَوْلَمَةِ وَالثَّقَافَةِ السَّيْبَرَانِيَّةِ، وَنَظَرِيَّةِ الاتِّصَالِ الأَفْرِيقِيِّ وَالأَسْوَدِ، وَالتَّضْلِيلِ وَالتَّزْيِيفِ العَمِيقِ وَالإِعْلَامِ الاصْطِنَاعِيِّ، وَدَوْرِ الإِعْلَامِ فِي التَّغْيِيرِ الاجْتِمَاعِيِّ فِي الجَنُوبِ العَالَمِيِّ.

مِنَ القَرْيَةِ إِلَى جَامِعَةِ هَاوَرْد

يَرْوِي الضَّيْفُ أَنَّهُ نَشَأَ فِي بِيئَةٍ رِيفِيَّةٍ، وَأَنَّ وَالِدَيْهِ لَمْ يَتَلَقَّيَا تَعْلِيمًا غَرْبِيًّا، لٰكِنَّهُمَا غَرَسَا فِيهِ قِيَمَ الشَّرَفِ وَالسَّلَامِ وَالمَحَبَّةِ وَالطُّمُوح. وَكَانَتْ حِكَايَاتُ الأُسْرَةِ فِي المَسَاءِ، قَبْلَ الكَهْرَبَاءِ وَالهَوَاتِفِ، مَدْرَسَتَهُ الأُولَى فِي قُوَّةِ القِصَّةِ وَالتَّوَاصُل.

التَّعْلِيمُ طَرِيقٌ إِلَى العَالَم

كَانَ رُؤْيَةُ الطَّائِرَاتِ فِي سَمَاءِ القَرْيَةِ تُوَلِّدُ فِي نَفْسِهِ سُؤَالًا عَمَّا يُوجَدُ خَلْفَ الأُفُق. وَشَجَّعَتْهُ وَالِدَتُهُ عَلَى الاجْتِهَادِ، فَصَارَ النَّجَاحُ فِي التَّعْلِيمِ عِنْدَهُ جَوَازَ مُرُورٍ مِنَ القَرْيَةِ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ، وَمِنْهَا إِلَى أَلْمَانِيَا، ثُمَّ إِلَى الوِلَايَاتِ المُتَّحِدَة. وَاخْتَارَ جَامِعَةَ هَاوَرْد بَعْدَ أَنْ تَعَرَّفَ إِلَى إِرْثِهَا وَعُلَمَائِهَا السُّود، فَوَجَدَ فِيهَا مَكَانًا يَرَى فِيهِ ذَاتَهُ وَطُمُوحَهُ العِلْمِيَّ.

يُشِيرُ إِلَى أَثَرِ أَسَاتِذَتِهِ فِي تَحْدِي مَسَلَّمَاتِهِ. فَسُؤَالٌ نَقْدِيٌّ عَنْ مُلَاءَمَةِ نَظَرِيَّةٍ أُورُوبِّيَّةٍ لِتَجْرِبَةِ المُهَاجِرِينَ الأَفَارِقَةِ دَفَعَهُ إِلَى البَحْثِ عَنْ نَظَرِيَّاتٍ تَنْطَلِقُ مِنَ الوَاقِعِ الأَفْرِيقِيِّ. وَهٰكَذَا تَحَوَّلَ التَّحَدِّي فِي قَاعَةِ الدِّرَاسَةِ إِلَى مَشْرُوعٍ فِكْرِيٍّ وَمَسَارٍ فِي التَّأْلِيف.

قِيَادَةٌ قَائِمَةٌ عَلَى الرِّعَايَةِ وَالتَّوْجِيه

يَرَى الدُّكْتُور لَانْغْمِيَا أَنَّ رِئَاسَةَ القِسْمِ لَيْسَتْ مَنْصِبًا إِدَارِيًّا فَقَطْ، بَلْ مَسْؤُولِيَّةٌ تَجَاهَ نُمُوِّ أَعْضَاءِ هَيْئَةِ التَّدْرِيسِ وَالطُّلَّاب. وَيُؤَكِّدُ أَنَّهُ يَتَعَامَلُ مَعَ الزُّمَلَاءِ بِالمَحَبَّةِ وَالإِرْشَادِ، وَيَعْمَلُ عَلَى تَهْيِئَةِ الفُرَصِ لِتَقَدُّمِهِمْ، لا عَلَى العِقَابِ أَوِ الإِقْصَاءِ.

أَمَّا طُلَّابُهُ فَيَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى تَجَاوُزِ الكُتُبِ وَالدَّرَجَاتِ، وَإِلَى سُؤَالِ أَنْفُسِهِمْ: مَاذَا سَنُقَدِّمُ لِأُسَرِنَا وَمُجْتَمَعَاتِنَا وَلِلْعَالَم؟ فَالتَّعْلِيمُ، فِي رُؤْيَتِهِ، أَمَانَةٌ تَحْمِلُ صَاحِبَهَا مَسْؤُولِيَّةَ فَتْحِ الطَّرِيقِ لِمَنْ لَمْ تَتَحْ لَهُمُ الفُرْصَةُ نَفْسُهَا.

السَّفَرُ وَالتَّعَلُّمُ عَبْرَ الحُدُود

كَشَفَتْ لَهُ خِبْرَاتُ فُولْبْرَايْت وَالتَّدْرِيسُ فِي بِلَادٍ مُتَعَدِّدَةٍ أَنَّ السَّفَرَ يُوَسِّعُ العَقْلَ وَيُصَحِّحُ الأَحْكَامَ السَّابِقَة. وَمِنْ كُوسُوفُو إِلَى كِينْيَا وَأُوغَنْدَا وَغَانَا وَالكَامِيرُون، رَأَى أَنَّ الطُّلَّابَ يَشْتَرِكُونَ فِي طُمُوحِهِمْ وَقَلَقِهِمْ مِنَ العَمَلِ وَالتَّكَيُّفِ وَالحُصُولِ عَلَى الكُتُبِ وَالتَّخَرُّجِ فِي الوَقْتِ المُنَاسِب. وَكَانَتْ تَجْرِبَةُ التَّدْرِيسِ خِلَالَ رِحْلَةٍ بَحْرِيَّةٍ تَعْبُرُ عِدَّةَ دُوَلٍ مِثَالًا عَلَى تَعْلِيمٍ يَرْبِطُ المُحَاضَرَةَ بِالمُشَاهَدَةِ المَيْدَانِيَّةِ.

المَرْكَزِيَّةُ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةُ وَتَحْرِيرُ المَعْرِفَة

يَشْرَحُ الضَّيْفُ أَنَّ المَرْكَزِيَّةَ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةَ تَعْنِي دِرَاسَةَ القَضَايَا المُتَّصِلَةِ بِأَفْرِيقِيَا مِنْ دَاخِلِ تَجْرِبَتِهَا وَتَارِيخِهَا وَقِيَمِهَا، وَوَضْعَ الإِنْسَانِ الأَفْرِيقِيِّ فِي مَرْكَزِ التَّحْلِيلِ بَدَلًا مِنْ تَقْدِيمِهِ هَامِشًا فِي نَمَاذِجَ صُنِعَتْ لِمُجْتَمَعَاتٍ أُخْرَى. وَلا يَعْنِي ذٰلِكَ رَفْضَ المَعْرِفَةِ الغَرْبِيَّةِ، بَلْ تَوْسِيعَ الحَقْلِ لِيَكُونَ أَكْثَرَ شُمُولًا وَعَدْلًا.

وَأَمَّا تَفْكِيكُ الاسْتِعْمَارِ فِي دِرَاسَاتِ الاتِّصَالِ فَيَبْدَأُ بِمُرَاجَعَةِ الصُّوَرِ المُشَوَّهَةِ وَالأَفْكَارِ المَوْرُوثَةِ، وَبِاسْتِعَادَةِ اللُّغَاتِ وَالمَفَاهِيمِ وَطُرُقِ المَعْرِفَةِ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةِ. وَيُشَدِّدُ عَلَى أَنَّ التَّحَرُّرَ لَيْسَ عَدَاءً لِلغَرْب، بَلْ عَوْدَةٌ نَقْدِيَّةٌ إِلَى الذَّاتِ وَالمَصَادِرِ، مَعَ الانْفِتَاحِ عَلَى الآخَر.

مِصْرُ القَدِيمَةُ فِي التَّارِيخِ الفِكْرِيِّ الأَفْرِيقِيِّ

يُعْطِي الحِوَارُ مِصْرَ القَدِيمَةَ مَكَانَةً مَرْكَزِيَّةً فِي الحَدِيثِ عَنْ الهُوِيَّةِ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةِ وَتَارِيخِ المَعْرِفَة. فَالإِنْجَازَاتُ فِي العِمَارَةِ وَالطِّبِّ وَالأَخْلَاقِ وَالتَّنْظِيمِ وَالكِتَابَةِ تَدُلُّ عَلَى تَرَاكُمٍ عِلْمِيٍّ وَنُظُمٍ لِلتَّوَاصُل. وَيَدْعُو الضَّيْفُ الجَامِعَاتِ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةَ إِلَى إِدْمَاجِ هٰذَا التُّرَاثِ فِي مَنَاهِجِهَا، مَعَ تَأْكِيدِ أَنَّ الحَضَارَةَ المِصْرِيَّةَ تُرَاثٌ مِصْرِيٌّ وَأَفْرِيقِيٌّ وَإِنْسَانِيٌّ فِي آنٍ وَاحِد.

التِّكْنُولُوجِيَا وَمَنْ يَمْلِكُ القِصَّة

يَرَى الدُّكْتُور لَانْغْمِيَا أَنَّ الاسْتِفَادَةَ مِنَ التِّكْنُولُوجِيَا لا تَكْتَمِلُ مِنْ دُونِ مُشَارَكَةٍ حَقِيقِيَّةٍ فِي المِلْكِيَّةِ وَالتَّصْمِيمِ وَإِنْتَاجِ البَيَانَات. فَحِينَ تَغِيبُ اللُّغَاتُ الأَفْرِيقِيَّةُ وَالتَّجَارِبُ المَحَلِّيَّةُ عَنِ المَنْصَّاتِ وَمَرَاكِزِ البَيَانَاتِ، تُصْبِحُ التَّرْجَمَةُ أَضْعَفَ وَالتَّمْثِيلُ أَقَلَّ دِقَّةً. وَلِذٰلِكَ يَدْعُو إِلَى بِنَاءِ مَنْصَّاتٍ وَمُبَادَرَاتٍ أَفْرِيقِيَّةٍ تَحْفَظُ اللُّغَاتِ وَتُوَسِّعُ الحُضُورَ الرَّقْمِيَّ.

الذَّكَاءُ الاصْطِنَاعِيُّ شَرِيكٌ مُسَاعِدٌ لا قَائِدٌ

يُقَدِّمُ الضَّيْفُ تَشْبِيهًا وَاضِحًا: الذَّكَاءُ الاصْطِنَاعِيُّ مُسَاعِدُ طَيَّار، أَمَّا الإِنْسَانُ فَهُوَ الطَّيَّار. وَهٰذَا يَفْرِضُ عَلَى الجَامِعَاتِ تَعْلِيمَ الاسْتِخْدَامِ المَسْؤُولِ، وَوَضْعَ ضَوَابِطَ لِلنَّزَاهَةِ الأَكَادِيمِيَّةِ، وَتَدْرِيبَ الطُّلَّابِ عَلَى النَّقْدِ وَالتَّحَقُّقِ بَدَلًا مِنَ التَّسْلِيمِ بِمَا تُنْتِجُهُ الآلَة.

القِسْمُ الإِنْجِلِيزِيُّ

Episode Overview

This episode follows an intellectual and human journey from a village in Cameroon to Germany, the United States, Howard University, and classrooms across Africa, Europe, and beyond. At its center is a defining question: how can Africa tell its own story and contribute its own theories of media and communication rather than remain only a consumer of frameworks developed elsewhere?

Prof. Dr. Kehbuma Langmia connects personal experience with scholarship. The conversation covers education, leadership, Black identity, Afrocentricity, decolonizing communication studies, digital ownership, artificial intelligence, disinformation, deepfakes, algorithmic bias, and the responsibility of universities and media professionals.

The Guest

Kehbuma Langmia is Professor and Chair of the Department of Communication Studies at Howard University’s Cathy Hughes School of Communications. A two-time Fulbright scholar, his expertise includes information and communication technology, international and intercultural communication, Black and diaspora communication, social media, Afrocentricity, and the decolonization of media and communication studies.

He has published more than twenty books as well as numerous chapters and scholarly articles. His work addresses globalization and cyberculture, Black and Africana communication theory, disinformation, deepfakes and synthetic media, and media-driven social change across the Global South.

From Storytelling to Scholarship

Langmia describes a rural childhood shaped by farming, oral storytelling, and parents who had not received Western schooling but taught him honor, peace, love, ambition, and the duty to seek good. Evening stories, told without electricity or mobile phones, became his first lesson in the power of narrative.

Education opened the road from village to city, then to study in Germany and the United States. Howard University became especially significant because he encountered Black scholars and professors whose example made advanced scholarship feel both visible and attainable. He later earned his doctorate there, taught elsewhere, and returned to serve the institution.

التَّعْلِيمُ وَالقِيَادَةُ

Education and Leadership

Langmia presents leadership as mentorship rather than control. As department chair, he focuses on faculty development, promotion, honest conversation, and a culture of care. With students, he emphasizes that education is not confined to books and grades. It creates an obligation to serve families, communities, and future generations.

His international teaching reinforced the value of exchange. Work in Cameroon, Kosovo, Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, and other countries showed him that students often share the same concerns: access to books, timely graduation, employment, language, and belonging. His experience teaching during a semester-long global voyage joined classroom ideas to field observation in multiple societies.

Afrocentricity as a Point of View

In the episode, Afrocentricity means approaching African questions from African histories, cultures, values, and lived experience. Africa is not treated as an appendix to someone else’s framework but as an intellectual center capable of producing concepts, theories, and research methods.

Decolonizing communication studies, in this account, does not require hostility toward European or American scholarship. It requires identifying inherited distortions, recovering suppressed knowledge, taking African languages seriously, and placing multiple traditions in a genuinely inclusive field.

Ancient Egypt and African Intellectual History

The conversation places ancient Egypt within the broader intellectual history of Africa. Architecture, writing, medicine, ethics, administration, and monumental construction all presuppose systems of knowledge and communication. Langmia argues that African universities should engage this inheritance in their curricula while recognizing ancient Egyptian civilization as Egyptian, African, and part of humanity’s shared heritage.

Connecting Africa and the Diaspora

Communication can also build stronger links between Africans on the continent and communities throughout the diaspora. The episode proposes deeper student and faculty exchanges among universities in Africa, the Caribbean, and other diaspora societies. Such relationships would allow Pan-Africanism to operate through sustained learning, collaboration, and shared institutions rather than remain only an aspiration.

العَصْرُ الرَّقْمِيُّ وَمَسْؤُولِيَّةُ الحَقِيقَة

The Digital Age and the Responsibility for Truth

Langmia warns that access to technology is not the same as ownership or fair representation. When African languages, cultural symbols, and local knowledge are missing from datasets and platforms, translations become weaker and digital portrayals less accurate. He calls for greater African participation in platform design, data creation, search, and digital infrastructure.

Artificial Intelligence as Copilot

One of the episode’s clearest formulations is that artificial intelligence should function as a copilot while the human being remains the pilot. Universities should neither ignore AI nor surrender judgment to it. They need policies, workshops, ethical guardrails, and assignments that teach students to use these tools responsibly while preserving authorship and critical thinking.

Deepfakes Disinformation and Algorithmic Bias

Synthetic media makes the boundary between authentic and fabricated content increasingly difficult to see. Deepfakes can manufacture events, imitate public figures, and exploit the speed with which users react and share. The problem becomes more serious when biased datasets affect facial recognition and other automated systems, producing unequal risks for Black individuals and communities.

The practical response offered in the conversation is disciplined verification. Pause before sharing. Read the full claim rather than reacting to a headline or image. Consult official and trusted sources. Compare several independent reports. Revisit the evidence when wording is ambiguous. Technology companies, governments, universities, journalists, and users all share responsibility, but individual media literacy remains indispensable.

The Global South and Media Dependency

A recurring challenge across Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Latin America is dependence on large external media organizations to narrate local realities. This can marginalize local outlets and detach stories from the languages and perspectives of the people concerned. Strengthening local journalism and making it globally visible are therefore matters of both communication capacity and intellectual sovereignty.

The Human Message

Despite the urgency of these problems, the episode ends with a universal ethical appeal: reject hypocrisy, meet cultural difference with curiosity, and recognize the dignity and potential of every human being. For Langmia, the guiding principle remains the lesson of his childhood—do good, avoid harm, and use knowledge to improve the human condition.

أَبْرَزُ مَا نَتَعَلَّمُهُ مِنَ الحَلْقَةِ

Key Takeaways

١. التَّعْلِيمُ لَيْسَ امْتِيَازًا شَخْصِيًّا؛ بَلْ مَسْؤُولِيَّةٌ لِخِدْمَةِ المُجْتَمَعِ وَفَتْحِ الطَّرِيقِ لِلْأَجْيَالِ القَادِمَة.

٢. تَحْتَاجُ دِرَاسَاتُ الاتِّصَالِ إِلَى نَظَرِيَّاتٍ تَعْكِسُ تَجَارِبَ أَفْرِيقِيَا وَلُغَاتِهَا وَقِيَمِهَا.

٣. تَحْرِيرُ المَعْرِفَةِ مِنَ الاسْتِعْمَارِ لا يَعْنِي رَفْضَ الآخَر، بَلْ اسْتِعَادَةَ الصَّوْتِ وَتَحْقِيقَ التَّوَازُنِ وَالشُّمُول.

٤. الذَّكَاءُ الاصْطِنَاعِيُّ أَدَاةٌ مُسَاعِدَةٌ، وَيَجِبُ أَنْ يَبْقَى الإِنْسَانُ صَاحِبَ القَرَارِ وَالمَسْؤُولِيَّة.

٥. مُوَاجَهَةُ التَّضْلِيلِ تَبْدَأُ بِالتَّوَقُّفِ وَالتَّحَقُّقِ وَمُقَارَنَةِ المَصَادِرِ قَبْلَ المُشَارَكَة.

٦. الشَّبَابُ الأَفْرِيقِيُّ بِفُضُولِهِ وَطُمُوحِهِ وَمَرُونَتِهِ هُوَ أَكْبَرُ مَصْدَرٍ لِلأَمَلِ فِي المُسْتَقْبَل.

1. Education carries a duty to serve communities and future generations.

2. Communication theory must include African histories, languages, and lived experience.

3. Decolonization seeks balance and restored voice, not intellectual isolation.

4. AI should assist human judgment, not replace human responsibility.

5. Verification, source comparison, and media literacy are essential defenses against disinformation.

6. The creativity and resilience of African youth offer strong grounds for hope.

شَاهِدُوا الحَلْقَةَ الكَامِلَةَ

Watch the Complete Episode

Media Culture and the African Voice الإعلام والثقافة والصوت الأفريقي

هٰذَا المَقَالُ خُلَاصَةٌ تَحْرِيرِيَّةٌ لِأَفْكَارِ الحَلْقَةِ، وَلَيْسَ تَفْرِيغًا حَرْفِيًّا لِلحِوَار.

This article is an editorial synthesis of the episode, not a verbatim transcript.

تَحْفَظُ المَجَلَّةُ الرَّقْمِيَّةُ وَالأَرْشِيفُ أَفْكَارَ حَلَقَاتِ بُودْكَاسْت الدُّكْتُور عَلِي زُهَيْرِي فِي صِيغَةٍ سَهْلَةِ القِرَاءَةِ وَالمُشَارَكَة.

The Digital Magazine and Archive preserves each podcast conversation in a readable and shareable form.